{"id":2391,"date":"2026-06-01T02:59:35","date_gmt":"2026-06-01T09:59:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/labs.engineering.asu.edu\/pavement\/?page_id=2391"},"modified":"2026-06-07T12:30:00","modified_gmt":"2026-06-07T19:30:00","slug":"reflective-cracking-model-for-airport-asphalt-overlay-design-phase-i","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/labs.engineering.asu.edu\/pavement\/projects\/reflective-cracking-model-for-airport-asphalt-overlay-design-phase-i\/","title":{"rendered":"Reflective Cracking Model for Airport Asphalt Overlay Design (Phase I)"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"uds-hero-md alignfull has-btn-row \" style=\"margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--uds-size-8);\"><div class=\"hero-overlay\"><\/div><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"550\" src=\"https:\/\/labs.engineering.asu.edu\/pavement\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/189\/2024\/10\/ReflCracking_FAA.jpg\" class=\"hero\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/labs.engineering.asu.edu\/pavement\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/189\/2024\/10\/ReflCracking_FAA.jpg 400w, https:\/\/labs.engineering.asu.edu\/pavement\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/189\/2024\/10\/ReflCracking_FAA-364x500.jpg 364w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><div class=\"acf-innerblocks-container\">\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading has-white-color has-text-color\"><span class=\"highlight-gold\">Reflective Cracking Model for Airport Asphalt Overlay Design (Phase I)<\/span> <\/h1>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group content is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"is-style-lead has-white-color has-text-color wp-block-paragraph\"><mark style=\"background-color:#191919\" class=\"has-inline-color has-white-color\">\ud83d\udce8 Principal Investigator:<strong>&nbsp;<\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/search.asu.edu\/profile\/3503404\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/search.asu.edu\/profile\/3503404\">Hasan Ozer<\/a><br>\ud83d\udd16 Co-PI: Imad L. Al-Qadi, Carlos Armando Duarte<br>\ud83e\udd1d Sponsor:&nbsp;<strong>&nbsp;<\/strong>Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)<br>\ud83d\udcc5 Timeline:&nbsp;2021 \u2013 2024<\/mark><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"margin-top:4rem;margin-bottom:2rem\"><span class=\"highlight-black\">Highlights<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<style>\n.hl-wrap{margin:20px 0;}\n.hl-box{border:1px solid #ddd;padding:24px 28px 20px;position:relative;}\n.hl-slide{position:absolute;inset:0;opacity:0;transition:opacity 0.8s ease;pointer-events:none;}\n.hl-slide.active{opacity:1;pointer-events:auto;position:relative;}\n.hl-track{position:relative;min-height:120px;}\n.hl-num{font-size:12px;letter-spacing:2px;color:#999;text-transform:uppercase;margin-bottom:10px;}\n.hl-title{font-size:20px;font-weight:700;color:#1a1a1a;margin-bottom:10px;}\n.hl-text{font-size:16px;color:#444;line-height:1.7;}\n.hl-dots{display:flex;gap:6px;margin-top:16px;}\n.hl-dot{width:8px;height:8px;border-radius:50%;background:#ccc;border:none;cursor:pointer;padding:0;transition:all 0.3s;}\n.hl-dot.active{background:#333;width:20px;border-radius:4px;}\n.hl-svg{position:absolute;inset:0;width:100%;height:100%;pointer-events:none;overflow:visible;}\n.hl-top{fill:none;stroke:rgb(255,198,39);stroke-width:3.5;stroke-linecap:round;}\n.hl-bot{fill:none;stroke:rgb(255,198,39);stroke-width:3.5;stroke-linecap:round;}\n<\/style>\n\n<div class=\"hl-wrap\">\n  <div class=\"hl-box\" id=\"hlbox\">\n    <svg class=\"hl-svg\" id=\"hlsvg\">\n      <path class=\"hl-top\" id=\"hltop\"\/>\n      <path class=\"hl-bot\" id=\"hlbot\"\/>\n    <\/svg>\n\n    <div class=\"hl-track\">\n      <div class=\"hl-slide active\">\n        <div class=\"hl-num\">01 \/ 03 \u2014 Objective<\/div>\n        <div class=\"hl-title\">Fracture Mechanics-Based Reflective Cracking Prediction<\/div>\n        <div class=\"hl-text\">Developed computational models to predict reflective cracking in asphalt concrete overlays on jointed concrete airport pavements, accounting for both thermal loading from PCC joint movement and aircraft traffic loading under diverse climatic conditions.<\/div>\n      <\/div>\n      <div class=\"hl-slide\">\n        <div class=\"hl-num\">02 \/ 03 \u2014 Key Finding<\/div>\n        <div class=\"hl-title\">Mode-II Shear is the Dominant Fracture Mode Under Aircraft Loading<\/div>\n        <div class=\"hl-text\">3-D fracture simulations revealed that in-plane shear (Mode-II) governs crack propagation under aircraft traffic in virtually all lateral load positions. When thermal and traffic effects act simultaneously, traffic drives approximately 80% of total crack propagation rate.<\/div>\n      <\/div>\n      <div class=\"hl-slide\">\n        <div class=\"hl-num\">03 \/ 03 \u2014 Impact<\/div>\n        <div class=\"hl-title\">First 3-D Reflective Cracking Algorithm for Airfield Pavements<\/div>\n        <div class=\"hl-text\">Delivered the first 3-D fracture-mechanics-based reflective cracking design algorithm for airfield pavements, providing the Federal Aviation Administration with a validated computational framework for integration into FAARFIELD.<\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"hl-dots\">\n      <button class=\"hl-dot active\" onclick=\"hlGo(0)\"><\/button>\n      <button class=\"hl-dot\" onclick=\"hlGo(1)\"><\/button>\n      <button class=\"hl-dot\" onclick=\"hlGo(2)\"><\/button>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<script>\n(function(){\n  var slides=document.querySelectorAll('.hl-slide');\n  var dots=document.querySelectorAll('.hl-dot');\n  var box=document.getElementById('hlbox');\n  var top=document.getElementById('hltop');\n  var bot=document.getElementById('hlbot');\n  var cur=0,total=slides.length,dur=7000,start=null;\n\n  function setSize(){\n    var w=box.offsetWidth, h=box.offsetHeight;\n    var mx=0, my=h\/2; \/\/ start: left middle\n    var ex=w, ey=h\/2; \/\/ end: right middle\n\n    \/\/ top path: left-mid \u2192 top-left \u2192 top-right \u2192 right-mid\n    var topPath = \"M \"+mx+\",\"+my+\" L 0,0 L \"+w+\",0 L \"+ex+\",\"+ey;\n    \/\/ bottom path: left-mid \u2192 bottom-left \u2192 bottom-right \u2192 right-mid\n    var botPath = \"M \"+mx+\",\"+my+\" L 0,\"+h+\" L \"+w+\",\"+h+\" L \"+ex+\",\"+ey;\n\n    top.setAttribute('d', topPath);\n    bot.setAttribute('d', botPath);\n\n    \/\/ set dash to full length so we can animate\n    var tl = top.getTotalLength();\n    var bl = bot.getTotalLength();\n    top.style.strokeDasharray = tl;\n    top.style.strokeDashoffset = tl;\n    bot.style.strokeDasharray = bl;\n    bot.style.strokeDashoffset = bl;\n  }\n\n  function update(p){\n    var tl = top.getTotalLength();\n    var bl = bot.getTotalLength();\n    top.style.strokeDashoffset = tl*(1-p);\n    bot.style.strokeDashoffset = bl*(1-p);\n  }\n\n  function show(i){\n    slides[cur].classList.remove('active');\n    dots[cur].classList.remove('active');\n    cur=(i+total)%total;\n    slides[cur].classList.add('active');\n    dots[cur].classList.add('active');\n    start=null;\n    setSize();\n  }\n\n  function tick(ts){\n    if(!start)start=ts;\n    var p=Math.min((ts-start)\/dur,1);\n    update(p);\n    if(p>=1)show(cur+1);\n    requestAnimationFrame(tick);\n  }\n\n  window.hlGo=function(i){show(i);};\n  setSize();\n  requestAnimationFrame(tick);\n  window.addEventListener('resize',setSize);\n})();\n<\/script>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"highlight-black\">Introduction<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-930feb06 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When an asphalt concrete overlay is placed on top of an existing jointed concrete pavement at an airport, one of the most predictable distresses that follows is reflective cracking. The concrete slabs below expand and contract with daily and seasonal temperature changes,&nbsp;which&nbsp;propagates&nbsp;the crack&nbsp;upward through the overlay.&nbsp;Aircraft&nbsp;traffic adds another layer of complexity: heavy gear loads passing over the joints create stress concentrations at the crack tip in all three fracture modes simultaneously. Left unchecked, reflective cracks allow water to infiltrate, weaken the pavement structure, and dramatically reduce the&nbsp;overlay&#8217;s&nbsp;service life.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Despite its importance, reflective cracking has historically been absent from the Federal Aviation Administration&#8217;s (FAA) primary pavement design tool, FAARFIELD. The FAA&#8217;s Reflective Cracking Study Program,&nbsp;initiated&nbsp;in the early 2010s through full-scale indoor and outdoor testing at the William J. Hughes Technical Center, built an invaluable experimental foundation.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The&nbsp;objective&nbsp;of this project is to&nbsp;developed&nbsp;fracture mechanics-based computational models to predict reflective cracking in asphalt concrete overlays on jointed concrete airport pavements, accounting for both thermal loading from PCC joint movement and&nbsp;aircraft&nbsp;traffic loading under diverse climatic conditions.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"banner-container\">\n    <div class=\"banner-track\">\n        \n        <div class=\"banner-slide\">\n            <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/swpt.asu.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/32\/2023\/01\/reflective1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-292\"\/>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"banner-slide\">\n            <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/swpt.asu.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/32\/2023\/01\/reflective2-1024x317-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-293\"\/>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"banner-slide\">\n            <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/swpt.asu.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/32\/2023\/01\/reflective3-1024x459-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-294\"\/>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"margin-top:2rem;margin-bottom:2rem\"><strong><strong><strong><strong><span class=\"highlight-black\">Methodology and Framework<\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-930feb06 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-video\"><video autoplay controls loop src=\"https:\/\/swpt.asu.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/32\/2023\/01\/Media1-1-1.mp4\"><\/video><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The computational framework developed in this study has three integrated components. The first is a pavement temperature prediction model that calculates the hourly temperature profile through the pavement cross-section and the corresponding PCC joint&nbsp;opening. The second is a suite of 3-D fracture simulations using the Generalized Finite Element Method (GFEM) to calculate stress intensity factors (SIF) across all three fracture modes (Mode-I opening, Mode-II sliding, Mode-III tearing) as a function of crack length, joint opening, overlay thickness, and material properties. The third is an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) surrogate model trained on thousands of GFEM simulations, enabling fast SIF prediction for arbitrary input combinations without the full computational cost of 3-D fracture simulations.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-930feb06 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Elastic-Viscoelastic Correspondence Principle (EVCP) bridges the gap between the elastic GFEM solutions and the time- and temperature-dependent behavior of asphalt concrete. By applying EVCP, the elastic SIF values are converted to viscoelastic energy release rates (ERR), properly accounting for the fact that asphalt behaves as a viscoelastic material whose response depends on both temperature and loading rate. Crack growth is then predicted using a modified Paris Law, where the cumulative crack propagation per cycle is a function of the viscoelastic ERR.&nbsp;Aircraft&nbsp;wander is modeled using a normal distribution consistent with FAA&#8217;s existing design methods, and non-uniform crack propagation across the joint width is captured explicitly in 3-D.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"708\" height=\"534\" src=\"https:\/\/labs.engineering.asu.edu\/pavement\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/189\/2026\/05\/image.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2394\" srcset=\"https:\/\/labs.engineering.asu.edu\/pavement\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/189\/2026\/05\/image.png 708w, https:\/\/labs.engineering.asu.edu\/pavement\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/189\/2026\/05\/image-500x377.png 500w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 708px) 100vw, 708px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong><strong><strong><strong><span class=\"highlight-black\">Key Findings<\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Dominance of Mode-II Fracture Under Traffic <\/h5>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-930feb06 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized is-style-plain\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--uds-size-8);margin-right:0;margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--uds-size-8);margin-left:0\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"459\" src=\"https:\/\/labs.engineering.asu.edu\/pavement\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/189\/2026\/06\/reflective3-1024x459-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2508\" style=\"width:500px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/labs.engineering.asu.edu\/pavement\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/189\/2026\/06\/reflective3-1024x459-1.png 1024w, https:\/\/labs.engineering.asu.edu\/pavement\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/189\/2026\/06\/reflective3-1024x459-1-500x224.png 500w, https:\/\/labs.engineering.asu.edu\/pavement\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/189\/2026\/06\/reflective3-1024x459-1-1000x448.png 1000w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A fundamental insight from the 3-D fracture simulations was that Mode-II (in-plane shear) is the dominant fracture mode for reflective cracking under aircraft traffic loading. When an aircraft wheel passes over a joint, the relative horizontal displacement between the two slab edges creates a shearing stress at the crack tip that dominates over the crack-opening (Mode-I) component, except in the specific case where the load is centered exactly over the joint and at the center of the slab. In all other lateral load positions along the joint, Mode-II controls crack propagation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Traffic loading was also found to be the primary driver of overall crack propagation rate when both thermal and traffic effects were considered simultaneously. In some of the case studies, the combined case showed that thermal loading contributed approximately 20% of the total crack propagation rate, with the remaining 80% driven by traffic<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>ANN-Based Efficient Design Algorithm&nbsp;<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-930feb06 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A practical innovation of this study was the development of ANN models&nbsp;by UIUC&nbsp;that can predict SIF profiles across the crack front for any combination of structural inputs and loading conditions. The ANN models were trained on a database of GFEM simulations covering a wide range of overlay thicknesses, pavement layer moduli, crack lengths, joint openings, and load positions. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The resulting surrogate models predict Mode-I, Mode-II, and Mode-III SIF values with high accuracy, reducing computation time from hours to seconds per design case, where design computations must run interactively on standard engineering workstations.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"highlight-black\">Publications<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<style>\n.pub-list{margin:20px 0;}\n.pub-card{border:1px solid #e5e5e5;border-left:3px solid #e5e5e5;padding:18px 20px;margin-bottom:12px;background:#fff;position:relative;overflow:hidden;opacity:0;transform:translateY(24px);transition:opacity 0.6s ease,transform 0.6s ease;}\n.pub-card.visible{opacity:1;transform:translateY(0);}\n.pub-card::before{content:'';position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:3px;height:0%;background:rgb(255,198,39);transition:none;}\n.pub-card::after{content:'';position:absolute;bottom:0;left:0;width:0%;height:3px;background:rgb(255,198,39);transition:none;}\n.pub-card.traced::before{height:100%;transition:height 1s ease;}\n.pub-card.traced-bottom::after{width:100%;transition:width 1s ease 1s;}\n.pub-top{display:flex;align-items:flex-start;gap:12px;}\n.pub-year{font-size:11px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:2px;color:#888;border:1px solid #ddd;padding:3px 8px;border-radius:3px;white-space:nowrap;margin-top:2px;}\n.pub-title{font-size:14px;font-weight:700;color:#1a1a1a;line-height:1.4;margin-bottom:5px;}\n.pub-authors{font-size:12px;color:#666;margin-bottom:4px;}\n.pub-journal{font-size:12px;color:#444;font-style:italic;margin-bottom:10px;}\n.pub-link{font-size:11px;letter-spacing:1px;text-transform:uppercase;color:#333;text-decoration:none;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;padding-bottom:1px;transition:border-color 0.2s;}\n.pub-link:hover{border-color:#333;}\n<\/style>\n\n<div class=\"pub-list\">\n\n  <div class=\"pub-card\">\n    <div class=\"pub-top\">\n      <div class=\"pub-year\">2024<\/div>\n      <div>\n        <div class=\"pub-title\">Analysis of reflective cracking in asphalt overlaid jointed concrete airfield pavements using a 3D generalized finite element approach<\/div>\n        <div class=\"pub-authors\">Beheshti, M., Campana Bento, M.H., Silva Ramos, C., Duarte, C.A., Brill, D.R., &#038; Ozer, H.<\/div>\n        <div class=\"pub-journal\">International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 25(1)<\/div>\n        <a class=\"pub-link\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10298436.2024.2346291\" target=\"_blank\">View Paper \u2192<\/a>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <div class=\"pub-card\">\n    <div class=\"pub-top\">\n      <div class=\"pub-year\">2025<\/div>\n      <div>\n        <div class=\"pub-title\">Prediction of asphalt concrete energy release rate from Texas Overlay Test using machine learning<\/div>\n        <div class=\"pub-authors\">Liu, F., Beheshti, M., Ozer, H., &#038; Al-Qadi, I.L.<\/div>\n        <div class=\"pub-journal\">Road Materials and Pavement Design, 26(2), 441\u2013461<\/div>\n        <a class=\"pub-link\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14680629.2024.2356796\" target=\"_blank\">View Paper \u2192<\/a>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <div class=\"pub-card\">\n    <div class=\"pub-top\">\n      <div class=\"pub-year\">2025<\/div>\n      <div>\n        <div class=\"pub-title\">Viscoelastic Computational Fracture Mechanics Approach for Thermal Reflective Cracking in Asphalt Overlaid Jointed Concrete Airfield Pavements<\/div>\n        <div class=\"pub-authors\">Beheshti, M., &#038; Ozer, H.<\/div>\n        <div class=\"pub-journal\">Transportation Research Record, 2679(12), 823\u2013843<\/div>\n        <a class=\"pub-link\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/03611981251355528\" target=\"_blank\">View Paper \u2192<\/a>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <div class=\"pub-card\">\n    <div class=\"pub-top\">\n      <div class=\"pub-year\">2025<\/div>\n      <div>\n        <div class=\"pub-title\">Asphalt concrete overlay thermal reflective cracking stress intensity factor prediction using machine learning<\/div>\n        <div class=\"pub-authors\">Liu, F., Al-Qadi, I.L., Beheshti, M., &#038; Ozer, H.<\/div>\n        <div class=\"pub-journal\">Road Materials and Pavement Design, 1\u201322<\/div>\n        <a class=\"pub-link\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14680629.2025.2584554\" target=\"_blank\">View Paper \u2192<\/a>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <div class=\"pub-card\">\n    <div class=\"pub-top\">\n      <div class=\"pub-year\">2026<\/div>\n      <div>\n        <div class=\"pub-title\">Machine learning-based predicted stress intensity factor to estimate reflective cracking in airfield asphalt concrete overlay under aircraft loading<\/div>\n        <div class=\"pub-authors\">Liu, F., Al-Qadi, I.L., Beheshti, M., &#038; Ozer, H.<\/div>\n        <div class=\"pub-journal\">International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 27(1)<\/div>\n        <a class=\"pub-link\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10298436.2026.2648620\" target=\"_blank\">View Paper \u2192<\/a>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<script>\nvar cards=document.querySelectorAll('.pub-card');\nvar obs=new IntersectionObserver(function(entries){\n  entries.forEach(function(e){\n    if(e.isIntersecting){e.target.classList.add('visible');obs.unobserve(e.target);}\n  });\n},{threshold:0.1});\ncards.forEach(function(c){obs.observe(c);});\n\nfunction traceCard(card,delay){\n  setTimeout(function(){\n    card.classList.add('traced');\n    setTimeout(function(){\n      card.classList.add('traced-bottom');\n    },1000);\n  },delay);\n}\n\nvar traceObs=new IntersectionObserver(function(entries){\n  entries.forEach(function(e){\n    if(e.isIntersecting){\n      var idx=Array.from(cards).indexOf(e.target);\n      traceCard(e.target,idx*1500);\n      traceObs.unobserve(e.target);\n    }\n  });\n},{threshold:0.1});\ncards.forEach(function(c){traceObs.observe(c);});\n<\/script>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p class=\"mb-2\">Highlights 01 \/ 03 \u2014 Objective Fracture Mechanics-Based Reflective Cracking Prediction Developed computational models to predict reflective cracking in asphalt concrete overlays on jointed concrete airport pavements, accounting for both thermal loading from PCC joint movement and aircraft traffic loading under diverse climatic conditions. 02 \/ 03 \u2014 Key Finding Mode-II Shear is the Dominant&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":498,"featured_media":0,"parent":1848,"menu_order":5,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2391","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/labs.engineering.asu.edu\/pavement\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2391","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/labs.engineering.asu.edu\/pavement\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/labs.engineering.asu.edu\/pavement\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/labs.engineering.asu.edu\/pavement\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/498"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/labs.engineering.asu.edu\/pavement\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2391"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/labs.engineering.asu.edu\/pavement\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2391\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2543,"href":"https:\/\/labs.engineering.asu.edu\/pavement\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2391\/revisions\/2543"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/labs.engineering.asu.edu\/pavement\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1848"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/labs.engineering.asu.edu\/pavement\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2391"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}